PostgreSQL Syntax

By default, after the PostgreSQL installation is complete, it comes with a command-line tool SQL Shell(psql).

Linux The system can directly switch to the postgres user to open the command-line tool:

# sudo　-i　-u postgres

Windows The system is generally in its installation directory:

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

Mac OS We can directly search and find it:

By entering the command-line tool, we can use \help to view the syntax of each command:

postgres-# \help <command_name>

For example, let's take a look at the syntax of the select statement:

postgres=# \help SELECT
Command:　　　　　SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ... ] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
　　　　[　*　| expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ... ]
　　　　[ FROM from_item[, ...] ]
　　　　[　WHERE　condition　]
　　　　[ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ... ] ]
　　　　[ HAVING condition[, ...] ]
　　　　[ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ... ] ]
　　　　[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
　　　　[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ... ] ]
　　　　[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
　　　　[ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
　　　　[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
　　　　[ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ... ] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]
from_item can be one of the following options:
　　　　[ ONLY ] table_name [　*　]] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

SQL statement

A SQL statement typically includes keywords, identifiers (fields), constants, special symbols, etc. The following is a simple SQL statement:

SELECT id, name FROM w3codebox

PostgreSQL command

ABORT

ABORT is used to exit the current transaction.

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

Modify the definition of an aggregate function.

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ ..., ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ ..., ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION

Modify a definition of collation.

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION

Modify a definition of encoding conversion.

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE

Modify a database.

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES

Define default access privileges.

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
　　　　[ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [ ..., ... ] ]
　　　　[ IN SCHEMA schema_name [ ..., ... ] ]
　　　　abbreviated_grant_or_revoke
where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } }
　　　　[, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ]
　　　　ON TABLES
　　　　TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

ALTER DOMAIN

Modify the definition of a domain.

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION

Modify the definition of a function.

ALTER FUNCTION name ([ type[, ...] ]) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ([ type[, ...] ]) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP

Modify a user group.

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username[, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username[, ...]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX

Modify the definition of an index.

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE

Modify the definition of a procedural language.

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR

Modify the definition of an operator.

ALTER OPERATOR name ({ lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE })
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

Modify the definition of an operator class.

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA

Modify the definition of a schema.

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE

Modify the definition of a sequence generator.

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE

Modify the definition of the table.

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [　*　]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [　*　]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name

Among which action can be one of the following options:

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablesapce_name

ALTER TABLESPACE

Modify the definition of a tablespace.

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER

Modify the definition of a trigger.

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE

Modify the definition of a type.

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER

Modify the database user account.

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

Where option can be −

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
|　CREATEDB　|　NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

ANALYZE

Collect statistics related to the database.

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ ( column [, ... ] ) ] ]

BEGIN

Start a transaction block.

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ... ] ]

transaction_mode It can be one of the following options:

ISOLATION LEVEL {　
　　　SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
　　　| READ UNCOMMITTED
{}
READ　WRITE　|　READ　ONLY

CHECKPOINT

Enforce a transaction log checkpoint.

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE

Close the cursor.

CLOSE name

CLUSTER

Sort the table clusters based on an index.

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

COMMENT

Define or change the annotation of an object.

COMMENT ON {
　　　TABLE object_name |
　　　COLUMN table_name.column_name |
　　　AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
　　　CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
　　　CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
　　　CONVERSION object_name |
　　　DATABASE object_name |
　　　DOMAIN object_name |
　　　FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
　　　INDEX object_name |
　　　LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
　　　OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
　　　OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
　　　[PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE object_name |
　　　RULE rule_name ON table_name |
　　　SCHEMA object_name |
　　　SEQUENCE object_name |
　　　TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
　　　TYPE object_name |
　　　VIEW object_name
{}　
IS 'text'

COMMIT

Commit the current transaction.

COMMIT [WORK | TRANSACTION]

COPY

Copy data between the table and the file.

COPY table_name [(column[, ...])]
FROM {'filename' | STDIN}
[WITH]
[　BINARY　]
[　OIDS　]
[　DELIMITER　[　AS　]　'delimiter'　]
[　NULL　[　AS　]　'null　string'　]
[　CSV　[　QUOTE　[　AS　]　'quote'　]
[　ESCAPE　[　AS　]　'escape'　]
[FORCE NOT NULL column[, ...]]
COPY table_name [(column[, ...])]
TO　{　'filename'　|　STDOUT　}
[　[　WITH　]
[　BINARY　]
[　OIDS　]
[　DELIMITER　[　AS　]　'delimiter'　]
[　NULL　[　AS　]　'null　string'　]
[　CSV　[　QUOTE　[　AS　]　'quote'　]
[　ESCAPE　[　AS　]　'escape'　]
[　FORCE　QUOTE　column　[,　...]　]

CREATE AGGREGATE

Define a new aggregate function.

CREATE　AGGREGATE　name　(
　　　BASETYPE　=　input_data_type,
　　　SFUNC　=　sfunc,
　　　STYPE　=　state_data_type
　　　[,　FINALFUNC　=　ffunc　]
　　　[,　INITCOND　=　initial_condition　]
)

CREATE CAST

Define a user-defined conversion.

CREATE　CAST　(source_type　AS　target_type)
WITH　FUNCTION　func_name　(arg_types)
[　AS　ASSIGNMENT　|　AS　IMPLICIT　]
CREATE　CAST　(source_type　AS　target_type)
WITHOUT　FUNCTION
[　AS　ASSIGNMENT　|　AS　IMPLICIT　]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

Define a new constraint trigger.

CREATE　CONSTRAINT　TRIGGER　name
AFTER　events　ON
table_name　constraint　attributes
FOR　EACH　ROW　EXECUTE　PROCEDURE　func_name　(　args　)

CREATE CONVERSION

Define a new encoding conversion.

CREATE　[DEFAULT]　CONVERSION　name
FOR　source_encoding　TO　dest_encoding　FROM　func_name

CREATE DATABASE

Create a new database.

CREATE　DATABASE　name
[　[　WITH　]　[　OWNER　[=]　db_owner　]
　　　[　TEMPLATE　[=]　template　]
　　　[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
　　　[ TABLESPACE [=] tablesapce ]　
]

CREATE DOMAIN

Define a new domain.

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [...]]

constraint It can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

CREATE FUNCTION

Define a new function.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION name ( [[arg_name] arg_type[, ...]] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
　　　| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
　　　| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
　　　| [EXTERNAL] SECURITY INVOKER | [EXTERNAL] SECURITY DEFINER
　　　| AS 'definition'
　　　| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
}
[WITH (attribute[, ...])]

CREATE GROUP

Define a new user group.

CREATE GROUP name [[WITH] option [...]]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX

Define a new index.

CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX name ON table [USING method]
( { column | ( expression ) } [opclass] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[WHERE predicate]

CREATE LANGUAGE

Define a new procedural language.

CREATE [TRUSTED] [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR

Define a new operator.

CREATE OPERATOR name (
　　　PROCEDURE = func_name
　　　[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
　　　[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
　　　[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
　　　[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
　　　[, SORT1　= left_sort_op ] [, SORT2　= right_sort_op ]
　　　[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

Define a new operator family.

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ] }
　　　| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
　　　| STORAGE storage_type
}, [, ... ]

CREATE ROLE

Define a new database role.

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [[ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ]] ]
where `_option_` can be:
　　　　　　SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
　　　　|　CREATEDB　|　NOCREATEDB
　　　　| CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

CREATE RULE

Define a new rewrite rule.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA

Define a new schema.

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SERVER

Define a new external server...

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
　　　　FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
　　　　[ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

Define a new sequence generator.

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [[ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE

Define a new table.

CREATE [[ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] {　
　　　TEMPORARY | TEMP }] TABLE table_name ({　
　　　　　　column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
　　　　　　| table_constraint
　　　　　　| LIKE parent_table [{ INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS]　
　　　}, [, ... ]
)
[INHERITS (parent_table [, ... ])]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

column_constraint It can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] {　
　　　NOT NULL |
　　　NULL |
　　　UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
　　　PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
　　　CHECK ( expression ) |
　　　REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
　　　[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
　　　[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ]　
{}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

table_constraint It can be one of the following options:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS

Define a new table from the result of a query.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[　(column_name　[,　...]　)　]　[　[　WITH　|　WITHOUT　]　OIDS　]
AS　query

CREATE TABLESPACE

Define a new tablespace.

CREATE　TABLESPACE　tablespace_name　[　OWNER　username　]　LOCATION　'directory'

CREATE TRIGGER

Define a new trigger.

CREATE　TRIGGER　name　{　BEFORE　|　AFTER　}　{　event　[　OR　...　]　}
ON　table　[　FOR　[　EACH　]　{　ROW　|　STATEMENT　}　]
EXECUTE　PROCEDURE　func_name　(　arguments　)

CREATE TYPE

Define a new data type.

CREATE　TYPE　name　AS
(　attribute_name　data_type　[,　...　]　)
CREATE　TYPE　name　(
INPUT　=　input_function,
OUTPUT　=　output_function
[,　RECEIVE　=　receive_function　]
[,　SEND　=　send_function　]
[,　ANALYZE　=　analyze_function　]
[,　INTERNALLENGTH　=　{　internal_length　|　VARIABLE　}　]
[,　PASSEDBYVALUE　]
[,　ALIGNMENT　=　alignment　]
[,　STORAGE　=　storage　]
[,　DEFAULT　=　default　]
[,　ELEMENT　=　element　]
[,　DELIMITER　=　delimiter　]
)

CREATE USER

Create a new database user account.

CREATE　USER　name　[　[　WITH　]　option　[　...　]　]

option It can be one of the following options:

SYSID　uid
|　[　ENCRYPTED　|　UNENCRYPTED　]　PASSWORD　'password'
|　CREATEDB　|　NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

CREATE VIEW

Define a view.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE

Delete a prepared query.

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE

Define a cursor.

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE

Delete a row from a table.

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE

Delete a user-defined aggregate function.

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST

Delete a user-defined type conversion.

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION

Delete a user-defined encoding conversion.

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE

Delete a database.

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN

Delete a user-defined domain.

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION

Delete a function.

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP

Delete a user group.

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX

Delete an index.

DROP INDEX name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP LANGUAGE

Delete a procedural language.

DROP [PROCEDURAL] LANGUAGE name [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP OPERATOR

Delete an operator.

DROP OPERATOR name ({left_type | NONE}, {right_type | NONE})
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

Delete an operator class.

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP ROLE

Delete a database role.

DROP [IF EXISTS] _name_ [,...]

DROP RULE

Delete a rewrite rule.

DROP RULE name ON relation [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP SCHEMA

Delete a schema.

DROP SCHEMA name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP SEQUENCE

Delete a sequence.

DROP SEQUENCE name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP TABLE

Delete a table.

DROP TABLE name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP TABLESPACE

Delete a tablespace.

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER

Delete a trigger definition.

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP TYPE

Delete a user-defined data type.

DROP TYPE name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

DROP USER

Delete a database user account.

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW

Delete a view.

DROP VIEW name[, ...] [CASCADE | RESTRICT]

END

Commit the current transaction.

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE

Execute a prepared query.

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter[, ...]) ]

EXPLAIN

Display the execution plan of a statement.

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH

Fetch rows from a query using a cursor.

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

direction It can be one of the following options:

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

GRANT

Define access permissions.

GRANT {{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } }}
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT {{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }}
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT {{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }}
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT {{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }}
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT {{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }}
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT {{ CREATE | USAGE }[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ]}
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC }[, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

INSERT

Create a new row in the table, i.e., insert data.

INSERT INTO table [ (column[, ...]) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ({ expression | DEFAULT }[, ...]) | query }

LISTEN

Listen to a notification.

LISTEN name

LOAD

Load or reload a shared library file.

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK

Lock a table.

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

lock_mode It can be one of the following options:

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

MOVE

Position a cursor.

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY

Generate a notification.

NOTIFY name

PREPARE

Create a prepared query.

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX

Rebuild index.

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

Delete a previously defined savepoint.

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

RESET

Restore a runtime parameter value to its default.

RESET name
RESET ALL

REVOKE

Delete access privileges.

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER } }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK

Exit the current transaction.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

Rollback to a savepoint.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT

Define a new savepoint within the current transaction.

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT

Extract some rows from a table or view.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
*　| expression [ AS output_name ][, ...]
[ FROM from_item[, ...] ]
[　WHERE　condition　]
[ GROUP BY expression[, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition[, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ][, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name[, ...] ] ]

from_item It can be one of the following options:

[ ONLY ] table_name [　*　]] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

SELECT INTO

Define a new table from the result of a query.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
*　| expression [ AS output_name ][, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item[, ...] ]
[　WHERE　condition　]
[ GROUP BY expression[, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition[, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ][, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name[, ...] ] ]

SET

Modify runtime parameters.

SET [SESSION | LOCAL] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [SESSION | LOCAL] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS

Set the constraint checking mode for the current transaction.

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name[, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

Set the session user identifier and current user identifier for the current session.

SET [SESSION | LOCAL] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [SESSION | LOCAL] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION

Start a transaction block.

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode[, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode[, ...]

Where transaction_mode is one of −

ISOLATION　LEVEL　{　SERIALIZABLE　|　REPEATABLE　READ　|　READ　COMMITTED
|　READ　UNCOMMITTED　}
READ　WRITE　|　READ　ONLY

SHOW

Display the value of runtime parameters.

SHOW　name
SHOW　ALL

START TRANSACTION

Start a transaction block.

START　TRANSACTION　[　transaction_mode　[,　...]　]

transaction_mode Can be one of the following options:

ISOLATION　LEVEL　{　SERIALIZABLE　|　REPEATABLE　READ　|　READ　COMMITTED
|　READ　UNCOMMITTED　}
READ　WRITE　|　READ　ONLY

TRUNCATE

Clear one or more tables.

TRUNCATE　[　TABLE　]　name

UNLISTEN

Stop listening to notification messages.

UNLISTEN　{　name　|　*　{}

UPDATE

Update rows in a table.

UPDATE　[　ONLY　]　table　SET　column　=　{　expression　|　DEFAULT　}　[,　...]
[　FROM　from_list　]
[　WHERE　condition　]

VACUUM

Garbage collection and optionally analyze a database.

VACUUM　[　FULL　]　[　FREEZE　]　[　VERBOSE　]　[　table　]
VACUUM　[　FULL　]　[　FREEZE　]　[　VERBOSE　]　ANALYZE　[　table　[　(column　[,　...]　)　]　]

VALUES

Calculate one or more rows.

VALUES　(　_expression_　[,　...]　)　[,　...]
　　　　[　ORDER　BY　_sort_expression_　[　ASC　|　DESC　|　USING　_operator_　]　[,　...]　]
　　　　[　LIMIT　{　_count_　|　ALL　}　]
　　　　[　OFFSET　_start_　[　ROW　|　ROWS　]　]
　　　　[　FETCH　{　FIRST　|　NEXT　}　[　_count_　]　{　ROW　|　ROWS　}　ONLY　]